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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">sapi</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Системный анализ и прикладная информатика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>«System analysis and applied information science»</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2309-4923</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2414-0481</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Belarusian National Technical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21122/2309-4923-2021-4-25-38</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">sapi-535</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Системный анализ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>System analysis</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Оценка качества цифровых изображений сетчатки</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Digital fundus image quality assessment</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Старовойтов</surname><given-names>В. B.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Starovoitov</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Старовойтов Валерий Васильевич, доктор технических наук, профессор, главный научный сотрудник</p><p>г. Минск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Starovoitov Valery, Doctor of Sciences and professor of computer science. He is a Principal research fellow</p><p>Minsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Голуб</surname><given-names>Ю. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Golub</surname><given-names>Y. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Голуб Юлия Игоревна, кандидат технических наук, доцент, старший научный сотрудник</p><p>г. Минск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yuliya I. Golub, PhD, Associate Professor, Senior Research Fellow</p><p>Minsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лукашевич</surname><given-names>М. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lukashevich</surname><given-names>M. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Лукашевич Марина Михайловна, кандидат технических наук, доцент, докторант</p><p>г. Минск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Marina M. Lukashevich, PhD, postdoctoral researcher</p><p>Minsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Объединенный институт проблем информатики Национальной академии наук Беларуси</institution><country>Беларусь</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>United Institute of Informatics Problems, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus</institution><country>Belarus</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Белорусский государственный&#13;
университет информатики и радиоэлектроники</institution><country>Беларусь</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Belarusian State University of Informatics and Radioelectronics</institution><country>Belarus</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>04</day><month>01</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>25</fpage><lpage>38</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Старовойтов В.B., Голуб Ю.И., Лукашевич М.М., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Старовойтов В.B., Голуб Ю.И., Лукашевич М.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Starovoitov V.V., Golub Y.I., Lukashevich M.M.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://sapi.bntu.by/jour/article/view/535">https://sapi.bntu.by/jour/article/view/535</self-uri><abstract><p>Диабетическая ретинопатия (ДР) – это болезнь, вызванная осложнениями сахарного диабета. Она начинается бессимптомно и может закончится слепотой. Для ее обнаружения медики используют специальные фотокамеры, позволяющие регистрировать изображения сетчатки глаза в видимом диапазоне электромагнитного спектра. На этих изображениях видны признаки осложнений, по которым определяется наличие ДР и ее стадия. Исследователи всего мира разрабатывают системы автоматизированного анализа изображений сетчатки. В настоящее время уровень точности классификации заболеваний, вызванных ДР, системами на базе машинного обучения сопоставим с уровнем квалифицированных медиков.</p><p>В статье показано разнообразие вариантов представления сетчатки на цифровых изображениях. Поставлена задача разработки универсального подхода к оценке качества изображения сетчатки, полученного произвольной камерой. Она решается в первом блоке любой автоматизированной системы анализа изображений сетчатки. Процедура оценки качества выполняется в несколько этапов. На первом этапе необходимо выполнить бинаризацию исходного изображения и построить маску сетчатки. Такая маска индивидуальна для каждого изображения даже среди изображений, зарегистрированных одной камерой. Для этого предлагается новый универсальный алгоритм бинаризации изображения сетчатки. Анализируя построенную маску, можно определить и удалить изображения-выбросы, на которых представлена не сетчатка, а другие объекты. Далее решается задача оценки качества изображений в отсутствии эталона и их классификация на два класса: удовлетворительные и неудовлетворительные для дальнейшего анализа. Поэтапно оценивается контраст, резкость и возможность выделения сосудистой системы изображения сетчатки. Показано, что задача оценки качества произвольного изображения сетчатки может быть решена.</p><p>Эксперименты выполнялись на разнообразных изображениях из доступных баз данных.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a disease caused by complications of diabetes. It starts asymptomatically and can end in blindness. To detect it, doctors use special fundus cameras that allow them to register images of the retina in the visible range of the spectrum. On these images one can see features, which determine the presence of DR and its grade. Researchers around the world are developing systems for the automated analysis of fundus images. At present, the level of accuracy of classification of diseases caused by DR by systems based on machine learning is comparable to the level of qualified medical doctors.</p><p>The article shows variants for representation of the retina in digital images by different cameras. We define the task to develop a universal approach for the image quality assessment of a retinal image obtained by an arbitrary fundus camera. It is solved in the first block of any automated retinal image analysis system. The quality assessment procedure is carried out in several stages. At the first stage, it is necessary to perform binarization of the original image and build a retinal mask. Such a mask is individual for each image, even among the images recorded by one camera. For this, a new universal retinal image binarization algorithm is proposed. By analyzing result of the binarization, it is possible to identify and remove imagesoutliers, which show not the retina, but other objects. Further, the problem of no-reference image quality assessment is solved and images are classified into two classes: satisfactory and unsatisfactory for analysis. Contrast, sharpness and possibility of segmentation of the vascular system on the retinal image are evaluated step by step. It is shown that the problem of no-reference image quality assessment of an arbitrary fundus image can be solved.</p><p>Experiments were performed on a variety of images from the available retinal image databases.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>диабетическая ретинопатия</kwd><kwd>сетчатка</kwd><kwd>цифровое изображение</kwd><kwd>оценка качества изображений</kwd><kwd>распределение Вейбулла</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>diabetic retinopathy</kwd><kwd>fundus-camera</kwd><kwd>digital image</kwd><kwd>image quality assessment</kwd><kwd>Weibull distribution</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа частично выполнена в рамках проектов БРФФИ Ф20РА-014 и Ф21ПАКГ-001.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Diabetes – Statistics &amp; Facts [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа: https://www.statista.com/topics/1723/diabetes/#dossierKeyfigures. – Дата доступа: 03.11.2021.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Diabetes – Statistics &amp; Facts [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа: https://www.statista.com/topics/1723/diabetes/#dossierKeyfigures. – Дата доступа: 03.11.2021.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tilahun M., et al. 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